This is about HSC Modifier Rules (Video). Practice these rules again and again. And you will be successful.
Modifier
o Modifier: শাব্দিক অর্থে Modifier বলতে গুন প্রকাশকারী বা বিশেষণবাচক শব্দ বা শব্দগুচ্ছকে বুঝায়| কিন্তু English Grammar GModifier কোনো কিছু সম্পর্কে‡ অতিরিক্ত তথ্য প্রদানকারী শব্দ হিসেবে পরিচিত।Modifier- Noun এর পাশাপাশি অন্যান্য Word- কেও Modify করে|
Definition: যে word বা phrase- Noun, Adjective, verb এবং Adverb এর পূর্বে অথবা পরে বসে এদেরকে Modify করে অর্থ্যাৎ এদের সম্পর্কে অতিরিক্ত তথ্য প্যদান করে, তাকে Modifier বলে|
ü Phrase: (Phrase হচ্ছে group of words (শব্দগুচ্ছ যার কোন finite verb থাকে না| অন্যদিকে, Clause হচ্ছে এমন বাক্যাংশ যার Subject I finite verb রয়েছে|)
The boy pulling rickshaw is very poor.
Andaleeb Rahman Partho is a skilled orator (বক্তা).
The crow swiftly went to the jar.
We have to work hard to shine in life.
Determiner, Adjective, Adverb এবং Noun, Modifier এর কাজ করে|
Modifier দুই প্রকার : 1. Pre-modifier 2. Post-modifier
o Pre-modifier: Pre অর্থ পূর্বে| অতএব, যে Modifier- Noun বা Noun Phrase, Adjective, verb এবং Adverb এর পূর্বে বসে Modify করে, তাকে Pre-modifier বলে| উল্লেখ্য, Pre-modifier- Noun Phrase এর Head word এর পূর্বে এবং Determiner এর পর বসে|
Pakistan army swooped on armless Bangalee in 1971.
The sleeping puppy is so cute.
o
Post-modifier: Post শব্দের অর্থ পবে| তাই যে Modifier-Noun বা Noun Phrase, Adjective, verb এবং Adverb এর পরে বসে Modify করে, তাকে Post Modifier বলে|
There is nothing abnormal in report.
Post-modifier: Post শব্দের অর্থ পবে| তাই যে Modifier-Noun বা Noun Phrase, Adjective, verb এবং Adverb এর পরে বসে Modify করে, তাকে Post Modifier বলে|
There is nothing abnormal in report.
Pre-modifiers
সাধারণত Noun, adjective, verb এবং adverb এর পূর্বে Pre-modifiers ব্যবহৃত হয়।
Structure: Modifiers + noun/adjective/verb/adverb
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Noun Pre-modifiers
যে word – noun এর পূর্বে বসে উক্ত noun সম্পর্কে সম্পর্কে অতিরিক্ত তথ্য প্রদান করে তা Noun Pre-modifiers.
1. Determiners as noun pre-modifiers: বিভিন্ন ধরনের determiners noun এর pre-modifiers হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হয়| এগুলো নিন্মরূপ:
o Determiners: যে সকল Word- Noun এর পূর্বে বসে Noun কে নির্দেশ করে, তাদের Determiners রলা হয়|Determiners এর আওতায় পড়ে –
* Article: a, an, the
*Demonstrative: this, that, these, those, which etc.
*Possessive: my, your, our, his, her, their, its, Rahman’s
* Numerals: two, three, four, etc.
* Quantifiers: all, any, both, some, no, every, either, neither, few, little, many, much, another, enough, several etc.
* Article: a, an, the
*Demonstrative: this, that, these, those, which etc.
*Possessive: my, your, our, his, her, their, its, Rahman’s
* Numerals: two, three, four, etc.
* Quantifiers: all, any, both, some, no, every, either, neither, few, little, many, much, another, enough, several etc.
The other name of water is life.
* Ordinals: first, second, third, 1st, 2nd, 3rd etc.
* Ordinals: first, second, third, 1st, 2nd, 3rd etc.
I. Articles as pre-modifier: Article, Nounএর পূর্বে বসলে তা pre-modifier হিসেবে কাজ করে|
Sabbir is (a) —– (use determiner to pre-modify the noun phrase) ideal student. Ans: an (Din. B-2017)
Here (j) ——- (use a determiner) nutritionist can help us. Ans: a (C.B-2017)
(Post modify the verb with an adverb), you can communicate with (e)…… (Use article to pre-modify the noun phrase) rest of the world.(J.B-2016)
Here (j) ——- (use a determiner) nutritionist can help us. Ans: a (C.B-2017)
(Post modify the verb with an adverb), you can communicate with (e)…… (Use article to pre-modify the noun phrase) rest of the world.(J.B-2016)
II. Demonstrative as pre-modifier: Demonstrative Adjective (this, that, these, those) pre-modifier হিসেবে Noun এর পূর্বে ব্যবহৃত হয়ে Noun এর নির্দিষ্টতা নির্দেশ করে|
To erase (e) —— (use a demonstrator to pre-modify the noun) history is not easy. Ans: this (Ctg.B-2017)
But she found (f)….. (Use a demonstrative to pre-modify the noun) jug too heavy. Ans: that (R.B-2016)
We can never forget (j)…… (Use a demonstrative to pre-modify the adjective phrase) lovely sea birds. (C.B-2016)
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III. Possessive as pre-modifier: যেসব শব্দ দ্বারা অধিকার বা মালিকানা প্রকাশ করা হয় তাদের Possessive বলে|এ ক্ষেত্রে Possessive (my, our, your, her, his, its, their, Karim’s) Noun এর পূর্বে বসে Pre-modifier হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হয়।
He prepares (b) —– (use possessive to pre-modify the noun) lessons in collaboration with his teachers. Ans: his (Din. B-2017).
Most of the people in (a) ….. (Use possessive to pre-modify the noun) country do not know the importance of English. (J.B-2016)
Most of the people in (a) ….. (Use possessive to pre-modify the noun) country do not know the importance of English. (J.B-2016)
IV. Quantifier as Pre-modifier: যেসব শব্দ দ্বারা কোনো কিছুর সংখ্যা বা পরিমান নির্দেশ করে তাদেরকে Quantifier বলে| Quantifier: all, any, both, some, no, every, either, neither few, a few, much, many, a many, many a, little, a little, a huge number of, a lot of, lots of, a great deal of, a great amount of, no, none, every, each, some, any ইত্যাদি Pre-modifier হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হয়|
He says prayer (h) —— (use a quantifier to pre-modify the noun) times a day. Ans: five (Din.B-2017)
because you have (j)…. (Pre-modify the noun with a determiner) tail of your own. (Ctg.B-2016)
The (c)….. (Determiner to pre-modify the noun) name of water is life. (Din.B-2016)
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2. Adjective as noun pre-modifiers: বিভিন্ন ধরনের Adjective attributive হিসেবে pre-modifiers হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হয়| Adjective এর অবস্থান determiner এবং noun এর মাঝে|
o
Adjective as Pre-modifier: বাক্যে Adjective- Noun বা Noun phrase- এর পূর্বে বসে ঐ Noun বা Noun phrase সর্ম্পকে অতিরিক্ত তথ্য দেয়। সুতরাং ঐ Noun বা Noun phrase টির Pre-modifier এর কাজ করে|
He husband was a (a) —– (Pre-modify the noun) farmer. Ans: poor (R.B-2017)
Deforestation causes (b) ——(pre-modify the noun) imbalance. Ans: ecological.
English is an international language.
Adjective as Pre-modifier: বাক্যে Adjective- Noun বা Noun phrase- এর পূর্বে বসে ঐ Noun বা Noun phrase সর্ম্পকে অতিরিক্ত তথ্য দেয়। সুতরাং ঐ Noun বা Noun phrase টির Pre-modifier এর কাজ করে|
He husband was a (a) —– (Pre-modify the noun) farmer. Ans: poor (R.B-2017)
Deforestation causes (b) ——(pre-modify the noun) imbalance. Ans: ecological.
English is an international language.
3. Present participle ( অর্থ্যাৎ verb এর present from এর সাথে ing) as noun Pre-modifier: আমরা জানি Participles সবসময় Adjective এর কাজ করে| আবার Adjective সবসময় Noun কে Modify করে| তাই Participle যখন Noun এর পূর্বে বসে উক্ত Noun কে Modify করে তখন তা Pre-modifier|
——(use a participle to pre-modify the noun) trees in such an indiscriminate rate will be hazardous for our future existence. Ans: Cutting. (D.B-2017)
The —— (use a participle to pre-modify them noun) temperature will cause greenhouse effect. Ans: increasing. (D.B-2017)
——(use a participle to pre-modify the noun) trees in such an indiscriminate rate will be hazardous for our future existence. Ans: Cutting. (D.B-2017)
The —— (use a participle to pre-modify them noun) temperature will cause greenhouse effect. Ans: increasing. (D.B-2017)
4. Noun / Noun-adjective as noun pre-modifier: অনেক সময় একটি Noun অন্য একটি Noun এর পূর্বে বসে ঐ Noun-কে modify করে|এক্ষেত্রে দুটি Noun পাশাপাশি বসে| তখন প্রথম Noun-টি দ্বিতীয় Noun-এর Adjective. |
The (e) ——(use a noun adjective to pre-modify the noun) level is rising. Ans: sea. (D. B-2017)
We are responsible for (h) ….. (Noun adjective to pre-modify the noun) pollution. Ans: water (Din. B-2016)
It was a hot (a)… (Use a noun adjective to per-modify the noun) day. (R.B-2016)
It is surely an important element of your (f)…… (Use a noun adjective to pre-modify the noun) skill. (J.B-2016)
Poor knowledge of English will hamper your (h)…… (Use noun adjective) development.(J.B-2016)
Apartheid was (c) —— (use noun-adjective to pre-modify the noun) policy of racial segregation. Ans: government
The (e) ——(use a noun adjective to pre-modify the noun) level is rising. Ans: sea. (D. B-2017)
We are responsible for (h) ….. (Noun adjective to pre-modify the noun) pollution. Ans: water (Din. B-2016)
It was a hot (a)… (Use a noun adjective to per-modify the noun) day. (R.B-2016)
It is surely an important element of your (f)…… (Use a noun adjective to pre-modify the noun) skill. (J.B-2016)
Poor knowledge of English will hamper your (h)…… (Use noun adjective) development.(J.B-2016)
Apartheid was (c) —— (use noun-adjective to pre-modify the noun) policy of racial segregation. Ans: government
Adjective Pre-modifiers
‡hme word- adjective Gi c~‡e© e‡m D³Adjective m¤ú‡K© AwZwi³ Z_¨ cÖ`vb K‡i Zv Adjective Pre-modifiers.
Adverb, intensifiers, downtoners as Adjective Pre-modifiers: mvaviYZ Adverb, intensifiers, downtoners ‡Kv‡bv Adjective Gi c~‡e© e‡m Pre-modifiers wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|
Adverb, intensifiers, downtoners as Adjective Pre-modifiers: mvaviYZ Adverb, intensifiers, downtoners ‡Kv‡bv Adjective Gi c~‡e© e‡m Pre-modifiers wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|
1. Adverb as Pre-modifier of Adjective: Adverb- Adjective Gi c~‡e© e‡m Pre-modifier Gi KvR K‡i|
It is that our tails are (f)….. (Pre-modify the adjective) useless. (Ctg.B-2016)
Terrorism is really unexpected reality of modern world.
Sheikh Mujib was an internationally acclaimed leader.
It is that our tails are (f)….. (Pre-modify the adjective) useless. (Ctg.B-2016)
Terrorism is really unexpected reality of modern world.
Sheikh Mujib was an internationally acclaimed leader.
2. Intensifier as Pre-modifier of Adjective: ‡h Adverb ‡Kvb Adjective Ges Ab¨ †Kvb Adverb- Av‡M e‡m Gi Dci †Rvi ‡`q, Zv‡K Intensifier e‡j| G‡ÿ‡Î Intensifier wn‡m‡e Very me‡P‡q e¨en„Z nq| ZvQvov actually, really, certainly, surely, greatly, fully, definitely, absolutely, thoroughly, positively, very, very much, highly, extremely, much, indeed, exactly, quite, utterly, perfectly etc.
A village doctor is a very familiar person in the rural areas of Bangladesh.
In our country, the number of qualified doctors is (i) …… (Use an intensifier to pre-modify the adjective) few. Ans: very (B.B-2016; J.B-2017)
He is (g) —– (use an intensifier to pre-modify the adjective) devoted to God. Ans: very/ greatly (Din.B-2017)
His songs are (f) —– (use an intensifier to pre-modify the adjective) melodious. Ans: very (Syl.B-2017)
They became (f)…… (use an intensifier to pre-modify the adjective) dear and friendly to us. (C.B-2016)
A village doctor is a very familiar person in the rural areas of Bangladesh.
In our country, the number of qualified doctors is (i) …… (Use an intensifier to pre-modify the adjective) few. Ans: very (B.B-2016; J.B-2017)
He is (g) —– (use an intensifier to pre-modify the adjective) devoted to God. Ans: very/ greatly (Din.B-2017)
His songs are (f) —– (use an intensifier to pre-modify the adjective) melodious. Ans: very (Syl.B-2017)
They became (f)…… (use an intensifier to pre-modify the adjective) dear and friendly to us. (C.B-2016)
Verb pre–modifiers
‡h me word verb Gi c~‡e© e‡m D³ verb m¤ú‡K© AwZwi³ Z_¨ cª`vb K‡i Zv verb pre-modifiers.
1.
Adverb as Pre-modifier of Verb: Adverb- verb Gi c~‡e© e‡m Pre-modifier Gi KvR K‡i|
Village doctor is (b) …… (Pre-modify the verb) known as a quack. Ans: also (B.B-2016; J.B-2017)
We may (f) …… (Pre-modify the verb) face premature death by drinking such type of water. Ans: surely (Syl. B-2016)
Students were attentively reading in the library.
Adverb as Pre-modifier of Verb: Adverb- verb Gi c~‡e© e‡m Pre-modifier Gi KvR K‡i|
Village doctor is (b) …… (Pre-modify the verb) known as a quack. Ans: also (B.B-2016; J.B-2017)
We may (f) …… (Pre-modify the verb) face premature death by drinking such type of water. Ans: surely (Syl. B-2016)
Students were attentively reading in the library.
Post-modifiers
Noun post-modifiers
‡h word – noun Gi c‡i e‡m D³ noun m¤ú‡K© AwZwi³ Z_¨ cÖ`vb K‡i Zv Noun Post-modifiers.
1. Appositive as noun post-modifier:hLb `ywU Noun cvkvcvwk e‡m GKB e¨w³ ev e¯Íy‡K eySvq ZLb wØZxq Noun wU‡K cÖ_g Noun wUi Appositive ev Case in Appositive e‡j| D‡jøL¨, wØZxq Noun wU cª_g Noun wU m¤ú©‡K AwZwi³ Z_¨ †`q | Ges Zv Post Modifier.
His father, (i) ——- (Post-modify the noun with an appositive) supports him cordially. Ans: a poor farmer (Din.B-2017)
Raja, — (Post- modify the noun with an appositive), is known to his classmate as a good student. Ans: a poor boy (B. B-2017)
Nazrul, (c) —— (use an appositive), won the attention of everyone in his childhood. Ans: a rebel poet. (Syl. B-2017)
You will suffer (i) ….. (Post modify the verb with prepositional phrase/ adverbial) of your life. (Syl.B-2016)
His father, (i) ——- (Post-modify the noun with an appositive) supports him cordially. Ans: a poor farmer (Din.B-2017)
Raja, — (Post- modify the noun with an appositive), is known to his classmate as a good student. Ans: a poor boy (B. B-2017)
Nazrul, (c) —— (use an appositive), won the attention of everyone in his childhood. Ans: a rebel poet. (Syl. B-2017)
You will suffer (i) ….. (Post modify the verb with prepositional phrase/ adverbial) of your life. (Syl.B-2016)
2. Relative Clause as noun Post-modifier: Relative noun memgq Noun/noun phrase Gi c‡i e‡m, Ges H Noun/noun phrase ‡K Modifier K‡i| ZvB Giv memgq Post-modifier |
Brabantio, a rich, senator of Venice had a daughter named Desdemona (d)….. (Use a relative clause to post modify the noun). Ans: who is very beautiful (Syl.B-2016)
The boy who obtained GPA5 is brilliant.
Brabantio, a rich, senator of Venice had a daughter named Desdemona (d)….. (Use a relative clause to post modify the noun). Ans: who is very beautiful (Syl.B-2016)
The boy who obtained GPA5 is brilliant.
Verb post-modifier
‡h word –verb Gi c‡i e‡m D³ verb m¤ú‡K© AwZwi³ Z_¨ cÖ`vb K‡i Zv verb Post-modifiers.
Infinitive: To+Verb Gi Present Form Ges †Kvb wKQz Ki‡Z ev K‡i, hvB‡Z ev wM‡q, LvB‡Z ev †L‡q, co‡Z ev c‡o, bvP‡Z ev ‡b‡P A_© ‡evSvq|
1. Infinitive/infinitive phrase as verb Post-modifier: Infinitive Phrase GB hw` †Kvb Verb Gi c‡i e‡m H Verb †K Modify K‡i Z‡e †mB Infinitive Phrase wU Post Modifier |
Some dishonest peoplecut trees in our forest (c) ——(use an infinitive phrase to post-modify the verb) money. Ans; to earn much. (D. B-2017)
Necessary measures should be taken —— (use an infinitive phrase to post-modify the verb). Ans: to stop cutting trees (D. B-2017). He went to London (e)…… (Post modify the verb with an infinitive) school there. (D.B-2016). He also visited the House of Parliament (h)….. (Post modify the verb with an infinitive) Gladstone and John Bright’s debates on Irish rule. (D.B-2016). We decided (i)…… (Use infinitive phrase to post-modify the verb) in the idyllic (kvšÍ I g‡bvig) island for a couple of days. (C.B-2016)
She refused all the young men (j)……. (Use an infinitive to post modify the verb) because she loved Othello. (Syl.B-2016)
She refused all the young men (j)……. (Use an infinitive to post modify the verb) because she loved Othello. (Syl.B-2016)
2. Adverb as Post Modifier of Verb: Adverb hLb Verb Gi c‡i e‡m Verb ‡K Modify K‡i, ZLb Adverb wU Post Modifier wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|
He does (c) —— (Post-modify the verb) in every examination as he does not waste time. (Din.B-2017)
If we destroy trees (h) —— (use an adverbial phrase to post-modify the verb), one day the country will turn into a great desert. Ans: at random. (D.B-2017)
Deforestation means cutting down of trees (a) ——(post-modify the verb). Ans: randomly.
At this, his family thought that they might lose their son (j)…… (Post-modify the verb). (D.B-2016)
I had a peculiar experience (a)…… (Post-modify the verb) while travelling to St. Martin’s Island. (C.B-2016)
She pitied Othello (h)….. (Use an adverb to post modify the verb) for the misfortunes. (Syl.B-2016)
We may (f) …… (Pre-modify the verb) face premature death. (Din.B-2016)
He does (c) —— (Post-modify the verb) in every examination as he does not waste time. (Din.B-2017)
If we destroy trees (h) —— (use an adverbial phrase to post-modify the verb), one day the country will turn into a great desert. Ans: at random. (D.B-2017)
Deforestation means cutting down of trees (a) ——(post-modify the verb). Ans: randomly.
At this, his family thought that they might lose their son (j)…… (Post-modify the verb). (D.B-2016)
I had a peculiar experience (a)…… (Post-modify the verb) while travelling to St. Martin’s Island. (C.B-2016)
She pitied Othello (h)….. (Use an adverb to post modify the verb) for the misfortunes. (Syl.B-2016)
We may (f) …… (Pre-modify the verb) face premature death. (Din.B-2016)
3. Present participle as Post-modifier of verb:
New areas of the world are (f) ——(use a participle to pre-modify the verb) turned into desert. Ans: being. (D.B-2017)
New areas of the world are (f) ——(use a participle to pre-modify the verb) turned into desert. Ans: being. (D.B-2017)
He treats the patients (e) …… (Use participle to post-modify the verb) small fees.
Ayesha Begum started (i) —— (Post-modify the verb) in the village to feed her old, sick husband and herself. Ans: begging. (R.B-2017)
Their sons also started (d) —— (use present participle to modify the verb) with their father. Ans: working (R.B-2017)
He wrote letters to Kolkata (i)…… (post modify the verb with a present participle) English society. (D.B-2016)
….. (Use a participle to pre-modify the verb), she saw some pebbles nearby.(R.B-2016)
Ayesha Begum started (i) —— (Post-modify the verb) in the village to feed her old, sick husband and herself. Ans: begging. (R.B-2017)
Their sons also started (d) —— (use present participle to modify the verb) with their father. Ans: working (R.B-2017)
He wrote letters to Kolkata (i)…… (post modify the verb with a present participle) English society. (D.B-2016)
….. (Use a participle to pre-modify the verb), she saw some pebbles nearby.(R.B-2016)
Adjective pre-modifiers
‡h word –Adjective Gi c‡i e‡m D³ adjective m¤ú‡K© AwZwi³ Z_¨ cÖ`vb K‡i Zv adjective Post-modifiers.
1. Adverb as Post Modifier of Adjective: Adverb hLb Adjective Gi c‡i e‡m Adjective ‡K Modify K‡i, ZLb Adverb wU Post Modifier wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|
Soon it was high (j)……. (Post-modify the adjective) for the crow to drink. (R.B-2016)
He told them of caves and of mountains high (f)…. (Use an intensifier to pre-modify the adjective) to touch the sky. (Syl.B-2016)
Soon it was high (j)……. (Post-modify the adjective) for the crow to drink. (R.B-2016)
He told them of caves and of mountains high (f)…. (Use an intensifier to pre-modify the adjective) to touch the sky. (Syl.B-2016)
2.
Infinitive as Post Modifier of Adjective:Infinitive PhraseGB hw` †KvbAdjective Gi c‡i e‡m HAdjective †K Modify K‡i Ze †mB Infinitive Phrase wU Adjective Gi Post Modifier |
It is essential (b) —- (Post-modify the adjective with an infinitive) a healthy life. Ans: to lead (C.B-2017)
But it is not easy (i) —– (Post-modify the adjective with an infinitive) a balanced diet. Ans: to select (C.B-2017)
Najrul was unlucky to meet a man like Ali Akber Khan.
Infinitive as Post Modifier of Adjective:Infinitive PhraseGB hw` †KvbAdjective Gi c‡i e‡m HAdjective †K Modify K‡i Ze †mB Infinitive Phrase wU Adjective Gi Post Modifier |
It is essential (b) —- (Post-modify the adjective with an infinitive) a healthy life. Ans: to lead (C.B-2017)
But it is not easy (i) —– (Post-modify the adjective with an infinitive) a balanced diet. Ans: to select (C.B-2017)
Najrul was unlucky to meet a man like Ali Akber Khan.
· Degree as Modifier: Comparative / Superlative Degree, Noun Gi c~‡e© e‡m H Noun ‡K Modify K‡i|
They buy some special presents for their dearest mother. (Superlative)
The menu is less varied, and less expensive. (Comparative)
They buy some special presents for their dearest mother. (Superlative)
The menu is less varied, and less expensive. (Comparative)
· Prepositional Phrase as Modifier: Prepositional phrase ej‡Z Preposition+ noun A_ev noun phrase ‡evSvq| Prepositional PhraseI Noun Gi ci e‡m Noun ‡K Modify K‡i Ges Post Modifier wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq|
you will suffer (i) ….. (Post modify the verb with prepositional phrase/ adverbial) of your life. (J.B-2016)
The road from Chittagong is four-lane.
you will suffer (i) ….. (Post modify the verb with prepositional phrase/ adverbial) of your life. (J.B-2016)
The road from Chittagong is four-lane.